Businesspeople run for and win elected office around the world, with roughly one-third of
members of parliament and numerous heads of states coming directly from the private …

Political economy has primarily paid attention to the principal‐agent relationship between
citizens and politicians and the role of competition and institutions in disciplining political …

We examine moonlighting by politicians in Germany. In July 2007, the German Supreme
Court adjudicated that members of parliament (MPs) have to publish details of their outside …

About 80% of democracies allow legislators to be employed in the private sector while they
hold office. However, we know little about the consequences of this practice. In this article, I …

The question whether politicians' outside earnings affect their legislative behaviour is part of
a lively debate about the quality of representative democracy. However, moonlighting effects …

Parliamentarians are often allowed to pursue other work in addition to their mandate. Using
data on the 7th European Parliament (2009–14), we analyze the relationship between the …

The presence of monitoring institutions affects quality and effort of leaders. We investigate
the effect of intensified monitoring on the ability and effort of leaders for a sample of forest …

In modern democracies, politicians' accountability is often linked to the disciplining
mechanism of electoral control. For politicians in their final term, this mechanism is impaired …

In this paper, we study the relation between electoral competition and political selection,
using a unique dataset containing detailed yearly information about members of the French …

Moonlighting, the pursuit of (paid or unpaid) sideline jobs by democratically elected
politicians, regularly evokes public outcry. This study provides an empirical test of the claim …