Vaccines are the key technology to combat existing and emerging infectious diseases.
However, increasing the potency, quality and durability of the vaccine response remains a …

Recent advances in studies of immune memory in mice and humans have reinforced the
concept that memory B cells play a critical role in protection against repeated infections …

Immunological memory is required for protection against repeated infections and is the basis
of all effective vaccines. Antibodies produced by memory B cells play an essential role in …

The success of vaccines is dependent on the generation and maintenance of immunological
memory. The immune system can remember previously encountered pathogens, and …

Germinal center (GC) B cells are the source of the high-affinity, class-switched antibodies
required for protective immunity. The unique biology of GC B cells involves iterative rounds …

Germinal centers (GCs) are the site of antibody diversification and affinity maturation and as
such are vitally important for humoral immunity. The study of GC biology has undergone a …

B cells within germinal centers (GCs) enter cycles of antibody affinity maturation or exit the
GC as memory cells or plasma cells. Here, we examined the contribution of interleukin (IL)-4 …

In order to promote an efficient humoral immune response, germinal center B cells modify
both the antigen recognition and effector domains by programmed genetic alterations of …

INTRODUCTION Germinal centers (GCs) are transient microanatomic structures that form in
lymphoid organs during an immune response. They are the sites of B cell clonal expansion …

Durable humoral immunity is mediated by long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) that reside in the
bone marrow. It remains unclear whether severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 …