Identification of the enigmatic nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide (N/OFQ) in 1995 represented
the first successful use of reverse pharmacology and led to deorphanization of the N/OFQ …

This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

Opioids evoke analgesia through activation of opioid receptors (predominantly the μ opioid
receptor) in the central nervous system. Opioid receptors are abundant in multiple regions of …

A large body of research has shown the presence of a complex pathway of communications
between the gut and the brain. It is now recognized that, through this pathway, the …

Melanoidins present in coffee silverskin, the only by-product of the roasting process, are
formed via the Maillard reaction. The exact structure, biological properties, and mechanism …

Opioids are well known to exert potent central analgesic actions. In recent years, the
numerous studies have unfolded the critical role of opioids in the pathophysiology of various …

Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) and its NOP receptors are present in the central nervous
system and in the periphery playing important roles in the modulation of gastrointestinal …

Exposure of the organism to a hostile stimulus results in a series of coordinated reactions
that aim to avoid the aversive effect and maintain or restore homeostasis of the organism. In …

The effects of endomorphin 1 (EM1) and 2 (EM2) in colonic motility remain unknown. We
investigated the effects and mechanisms of these endomorphins (EMs) on the colonic …

Background Diarrhea‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS‐D) is a functional
gastrointestinal (GI) disorder, defined by the presence of loose stools and abdominal pain. In …