SARS-CoV-2 viral load and detection of infectious virus in the respiratory tract are the two
key parameters for estimating infectiousness. As shedding of infectious virus is required for …

Background SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid (RNA) has been detected in feces, but RNA is not
infectious. This systematic review aims to answer if fecal SARS-CoV-2 is experimentally …

Abstract Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is an ongoing pandemic caused by the
newly emerged virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) …

A complex network of processes inside the human immune system provides resistance
against a wide range of pathologies. These defenses form an innate and adaptive immunity …

The early detection of upcoming disease outbreaks is essential to avoid both health and
economic damage. The last four years of COVID-19 pandemic have proven wastewater …

As COVID-19 evolves from a pandemic to an endemic disease, the already staggering
number of people that have been or will be infected with SARS-CoV-2 is only destined to …

The present study reviewed the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and the evaluation of virus
infectivity in feces and environmental matrices. The detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in feces …

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was transmitted from
humans to dogs and cats (reverse zoonosis) during the COVID-19 pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 …

The gut has been proposed as a potential alternative entry route for SARS-CoV-2. This was
mainly based on the high levels of SARS-CoV-2 receptor expressed in the gastrointestinal …

Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) is a nucleoprotein nanoparticle that functions as a highly
potent immunomodulator when administered intratumorally and is used as an in situ …