The anaphylatoxin (AT) C3a, C5a and C5a-desArg are generally considered pro-
inflammatory polypeptides generated after proteolytic cleavage of C3 and C5 in response to …

Activation of microglia and expression of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the
CNS have become almost synonymous with neuroinflammation. In numerous studies …

Microglia, the resident immune cells in the retina and nervous system, make irreplaceable
contributions to the maintenance of normal homeostasis and immune surveillance of these …

Microglia are resident cells of the brain involved in regulatory processes critical for
development, maintenance of the neural environment, injury and repair. They belong to the …

Background Nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF),
neurotrophin 3 (NT-3), and neurotrophin 4/5 (NT-4/5) are members of the neurotrophin gene …

Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and focal gliosis are pathological hallmarks of
Parkinson's disease and although the brain is described as immune-privileged focal …

Sepsis, a medical emergency, is the overwhelming host response to infection leading to
organ failure. The pathophysiology of this heterogeneous disease includes an inflammatory …

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a major cause of disability, and at present, there is no universally
accepted treatment. The functional decline following SCI is contributed to both direct …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important cause of disability and mortality in the western
world. While the initial injury sustained results in damage, it is the subsequent secondary …

The biomedical literature on the subject of neurotrophic growth factors has expanded
prodigiously. This essay reviews neurotrophic factors (NTF) and their receptors in …