Poxviruses (PXVs) are mostly known for the variola virus, being the cause of smallpox;
however, re-emerging PXVs have also shown a great capacity to develop outbreaks of pox …

Smallpox has shaped human history, from the earliest human civilizations well into the 20th
century. With high mortality rates, rapid transmission, and serious long-term effects on …

Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a dsDNA virus, belonging to Poxviridae family. The outbreak of
monkeypox disease in humans is critical in European and Western countries, owing to its …

Current influenza vaccines have relatively low effectiveness, especially against antigenically
drifted strains, the effectiveness is even lower in the elderly and immunosuppressed …

Potential threat of smallpox bioterrorism and concerns related to the adverse effects of
currently licensed live-virus vaccines suggest the need to develop novel vaccines with better …

Poxviruses are large double-stranded DNA viruses that form viral factories in the cytoplasm
of host cells. These viruses encode their own transcription machinery, but rely on host …

Members of the family Poxviridae cause diseases such as smallpox and monkeypox, which
are pathogenic to humans and negatively affect animal husbandry and development. The …

Dendritic cells (DC) are important antigen-presenting cells that have abilities to induce and
maintain T-cell immunity, or attenuate it during hyperimmunization. Additional activation of …

Immunogenicity of DNA vaccines can be efficiently improved by adding adjuvants into their
formulations. In this regard, the application of nano‐and microparticles as vaccines …

Smallpox is a disease caused by Variola virus (VARV). Although eradicated by WHO in
1980, the threat of using VARV on a bioterror attack has increased. The current smallpox …