Many studies have been undertaken to reveal how tobacco smoke skews immune
responses contributing to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease …

Lyme borreliosis is a tick-borne disease that predominantly occurs in temperate regions of
the northern hemisphere and is primarily caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi in …

Oxidative stress (OS), defined as an overabundance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or a
deficiency of antioxidants, has been linked to sperm damage and male infertility. There are …

▪ Abstract Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) typically consist of a hydrophobic domain
known as lipid A (or endotoxin), a nonrepeating “core” oligosaccharide, and a distal …

The innate immune system in drosophila and mammals senses the invasion of
microorganisms using the family of Toll receptors, stimulation of which initiates a range of …

Recognition of pathogens is mediated by a set of germline-encoded receptors that are
referred to as pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). These receptors recognize conserved …

Psoriasis is a prevalent, chronic inflammatory disease of the skin, mediated by crosstalk
between epidermal keratinocytes, dermal vascular cells, and immunocytes such as antigen …

The innate immune response is the first line of defence against infectious disease. The
principal challenge for the host is to detect the pathogen and mount a rapid defensive …

Although iron is required to sustain life, its free concentration and metabolism have to be
tightly regulated. This is achieved through a variety of iron-binding proteins including …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been shown to participate in the recognition of pathogens by
the innate immune system, but it is not clear how a restricted family of receptors has the …