Abstract 'Autophagy'refers to an evolutionarily conserved process through which cellular
contents, such as damaged organelles and protein aggregates, are delivered to lysosomes …

Newly endocytosed integral cell surface proteins are typically either directed for degradation
or subjected to recycling back to the plasma membrane. The sorting of integral cell surface …

Ubiquitylation is an essential posttranslational modification that controls cell division,
differentiation, and survival in all eukaryotes. By combining multiple E3 ligases (writers) …

The early endosome (EE), also known as the sorting endosome (SE) is a crucial station for
the sorting of cargoes, such as receptors and lipids, through the endocytic pathways. The …

Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are 30–150 nm membrane-bound vesicles naturally
secreted by cells and play important roles in intercellular communication by delivering …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of membrane-limited vesicles and
multi-signal messengers loaded with biomolecules. Exosomes and ectosomes are two …

The endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) pathway mediates
cellular membrane remodeling and fission reactions. The pathway comprises five core …

Infectious hepatitis type A and type E are caused by phylogenetically distinct single-
stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that were once considered to be non-enveloped …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate cell-to-cell communication via the transfer of
biomolecules locally and systemically between organs. It has been elucidated that the …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-based nanovesicles naturally released
from cells. Extracellular vesicles mimetics (EVMs) are artificial vesicles engineered from …