Nectar, the main floral reward for pollinators, varies greatly in composition and
concentration. The assumption that nectar quality is equivalent to its sugar (energy) …

Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are key pollinators that support global agriculture and are long-
established models for developmental and behavioural research. Recently, they have …

Flowers at times host abundant and specialized communities of bacteria and fungi that
influence floral phenotypes and interactions with pollinators. Ecological processes drive …

Wild bee populations are declining due to human activities, such as land use change, which
strongly affect the composition and diversity of available plants and food sources. The …

Floral nectar is prone to colonization by nectar-adapted yeasts and bacteria via air-, rain-,
and animal-mediated dispersal. Upon colonization, microbes can modify nectar chemical …

While foraging for nectar and pollen, bees are exposed to a myriad of xenobiotics, including
plant metabolites, which may exert a wide range of effects on their health. Although the bee …

Bumblebees (Bombus) are charismatic and important pollinators. They are one of the best-
studied insect groups, especially in terms of ecology, behavior, and social structure. As …

Plants have unique chemical and physical traits that can reduce infections in animals
ranging from primates to caterpillars. Sunflowers (Helianthus annuus; Asteraceae) are one …

Demand for better control of certain parasites in managed western honey bees (Apis
mellifera L.) remains apparent amongst beekeepers in both Europe and North America, and …

In this horizon scan, we highlight 15 emerging issues of potential relevance to global
conservation in 2020. Seven relate to potentially extensive changes in vegetation or …