Introduction: The incidence of tick-borne diseases (TBDs) is growing worldwide, and
vaccines appear as the most effective and environmentally sound intervention for the …

The host immune response to infection is a well-coordinated system of innate and adaptive
immune cells working in concert to prevent the colonization and dissemination of a …

Macrophages mediate the elimination of pathogens by phagocytosis resulting in the
activation of specific signaling pathways that lead to the production of cytokines, chemokines …

Antigen presentation is a crucial innate immune cell function that instructs adaptive immune
cells. Loss of this pathway severely impairs the development of adaptive immune responses …

Gut microbiota is a constant source of antigens and stimuli to which the resident immune
system has developed tolerance. However, the mechanisms by which mononuclear …

Introduction Upon birth, a hitherto naïve immune system is confronted with a plethora of
microbial antigens due to intestinal bacterial colonization. To prevent excessive …

Lyme carditis is an extracutaneous manifestation of Lyme disease characterized by
episodes of atrioventricular block of varying degrees and additional, less reported …

Inflammatory diseases have a negative impact on bone homeostasis via exacerbated local
and systemic inflammation. Bone resorbing osteoclasts are mainly derived from …

Lyme disease, caused by infection with members of the Lyme borreliosis group of Borrelia
spirochete bacteria, is increasing in frequency and distribution worldwide. Epigenetic …

Acute urticaria (AU) and Lyme borreliosis (LB) are known to alter the transcriptional profile of
blood cells. The nature of changes in the transcriptional activity of genes of the innate and …