The genetic code is degenerate, and most amino acids are encoded by two to six
synonymous codons. Codon usage bias, the preference for certain synonymous codons, is a …

Synonymous mutations—sometimes called'silent'mutations—are now widely acknowledged
to be able to cause changes in protein expression, conformation and function. The recent …

Codon optimization describes gene engineering approaches that use synonymous codon
changes to increase protein production. Applications for codon optimization include …

Synonymous codon changes, which do not alter protein sequence, were previously thought
to have no functional consequence. Although this concept has been overturned in recent …

Whole exome sequencing by high-throughput sequencing of target-enriched genomic DNA
(exome-seq) has become common in basic and translational research as a means of …

RNA can fold back on itself to adopt a wide range of structures. These range from relatively
simple hairpins to intricate 3D folds and can be accompanied by regulatory interactions with …

Whole-genome sequencing is becoming commonplace, but the accuracy and completeness
of variant calling by the most widely used platforms from Illumina and Complete Genomics …

Background Many differences between different ethnic groups have been observed, such as
skin color, eye color, height, susceptibility to some diseases, and response to certain drugs …

Recent advances in high-throughput experimentation have put the exploration of genome
sequences at the forefront of precision medicine. In an effort to interpret the sequencing …

Over the last decade, significant technological breakthroughs have revolutionized human
genomic research in the form of genome‐wide association studies (GWAS s). GWAS s have …