Highlights•The terms 'colony losses' and 'CCD'are defined.•The existing correlative evidence
for viruses as drivers of colony losses is evaluated.•Results from controlled infection …

Abstract The Western honey bee (Apis mellifera) is responsible for ecosystem services
(pollination) worth US $215 billion annually worldwide and the number of managed colonies …

Abstract Beekeepers in the United States have experienced high losses of managed honey
bee (Apis mellifera) colonies for more than a decade. Long-term, multi-year monitoring …

Bees are essential pollinators of many plants in natural ecosystems and agricultural crops
alike. In recent years the decline and disappearance of bee species in the wild and the …

Declines of pollinators and high mortality rates of honey bee colonies are a major concern,
both in the USA and globally. Long-term data on summer, winter, and annual colony losses …

Queen health is crucial to colony survival of social bees. Recently, queen failure has been
proposed to be a major driver of managed honey bee colony losses, yet few data exist …

Although overall pollinator populations have declined over the last couple of decades, the
honey bee (Apis mellifera) malady, colony collapse disorder (CCD), has caused major …

Adult honey bees are maintained in vitro in laboratory cages for a variety of purposes. For
example, researchers may wish to perform experiments on honey bees caged individually or …

Honey bee is vital for pollination and ecological services, boosting crops productivity in
terms of quality and quantity, and production of colony products: wax, royal jelly, bee venom …

Like many other bees worldwide, honeybees and bumblebees are threatened by human-
induced disturbances. Yet some species decline and others thrive, likely due to different …