Introduction: Lack of cross protection between foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV)
serotypes as well as incomplete protection between some subtypes of FMDV affect the …

Failure of cross-protection among interserotypes and intratypes of foot-and-mouth disease
virus (FMDV) is a big threat to endemic countries and their prevention and control strategies …

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Eastern Africa with circulation of multiple
serotypes of the virus in the region. Most of the outbreaks are caused by serotype O followed …

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines must be carefully selected and their application
closely monitored to optimise their effectiveness. This review covers serological techniques …

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Southeast Asia (SEA) and East Asia with
circulation of multiple serotypes and multiple genotypes within each serotype of the virus …

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) remains one of the most economically important infectious
diseases of production animals. Six (out of 7 that have been identified) different serotypes of …

Foot-and-mouth disease vaccination using inactivated virus is suboptimal, as the
icosahedral viral capsids often disassemble into antigenically distinct pentameric units …

Receptor recognition and binding is the first step of viral infection and a key determinant of
host specificity. The inability of avian influenza viruses to effectively bind human-like …

Abstract Avian influenza A (H9N2) viruses are an increasing threat to global poultry
production and, through zoonotic infection, to human health where they are considered …

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an economically devastating animal disease. There are
seven serotypes, A, O, C, Asia 1, Southern African Territories 1, 2, and 3 (SAT1, SAT2, and …