Nociception, in contrast to pain, is not a subjective feeling, but the physiological encoding
and processing of nociceptive stimuli. However, monitoring nociception remains a challenge …

Pain diagnosis and management would benefit from the development of objective markers
of nociception and pain. Current research addressing this issue has focused on five main …

Objectives: Pain catastrophizing is reliably associated with pain reports during experimental
pain in healthy, pain-free subjects and in people with chronic pain. It also correlates with self …

Background Variation in the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene (SLC6A4) has been shown
to influence a wide range of affective processes. Low 5-HTT gene-expression has also been …

Safe anesthesia is achieved using objective methods that estimate the patient's state during
different phases of surgery. A patient's state under anesthesia is characterized by three …

Current fear-avoidance models consider pain-related fear as a crucial factor in the
development of chronic pain. However, pain-related fear often occurs in a context of …

Substantial evidence indicates that the experience of both clinical and experimental pain
differs among ethnic groups. Specifically, African Americans generally report higher levels of …

Fibromyalgia (FM) is characterized by widespread pain, as well as affective disturbance (eg,
depression). Given that emotional processes are known to modulate pain, a disruption of …

Widespread sensory hypersensitivity is present in acute whiplash and is associated with
poor recovery. Decreased nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) thresholds (spinal cord …

Objectives Sensory hypersensitivity, central hyperexcitability [lowered nociceptive flexion
reflex (NFR) thresholds], and psychologic distress are features of chronic whiplash …