The functional diversity of the mammalian intestinal microbiome far exceeds that of the host
organism, and microbial genes contribute substantially to the well-being of the host …

Dynamic interactions between gut microbiota and a host's innate and adaptive immune
systems are essential in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and inhibiting inflammation. Gut …

Living bacteria therapies have been proposed as an alternative approach to treating a broad
array of cancers. In this study, we developed a genetically encoded microbial encapsulation …

Interferon (IFN)-Is are crucial mediators of antiviral immunity and homeostatic immune
system regulation. However, the source of IFN-I signaling under homeostatic conditions is …

Polysaccharides are dominant features of most bacterial surfaces and are displayed in
different formats. Many bacteria produce abundant long-chain capsular polysaccharides …

Simple and complex carbohydrates (glycans) have long been known to play major
metabolic, structural and physical roles in biological systems. Targeted microbial binding to …

Bacteriophages are bacterial viruses that infect the host after successful receptor recognition
and adsorption to the cell surface. The irreversible adherence followed by genome material …

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) drives microbial adaptation but is often under the control of
mobile genetic elements (MGEs) whose interests are not necessarily aligned with those of …

The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily is found in all domains of life,
facilitating critical biological processes through the translocation of a wide variety of …

Heparin, the most widely used anticoagulant drug in the world today, remains an animal-
derived product with the attendant risks of adulteration and contamination. A contamination …