Purpose To describe the literature on clinician–scientist training programs to inform the
development of contemporary and inclusive training models. Method The authors conducted …

Located in northern Europe, Latvia is one of the three Baltic States with a population of 1.9
million. The country has a rich history of medical education spanning a century and is …

Background The US has the longest history of MD-PhD dual-degree training programs and
produces the largest number of MD-PhD graduates in the world. In the US, dual-degree MD …

Colombia is the second largest country in South America. In this article, we provide an
overview of medical education in Colombia, including a description of existing public and …

Clinician-scientists are physicians with training in both clinical medicine and research that
enables them to occupy a unique niche as specialists in basic and translational biomedical …

Abstract Background The Program of Combined Studies in Medicine (PECEM, by its
acronym in Spanish) is a program for simultaneous bachelor and doctorate studies …

For over 60 years, MD–PhD programs have provided integrated clinical and research
training to produce graduates primed for physician–scientist careers. Yet the nature of this …

Background Clinical research is vital for improved patient health outcomes. However, there
has been a decline in the number of new researchers replacing an aging workforce. This is …

Purpose Integrated MD/PhD programs are relatively new in Canada and represent a
platform to train the next generation of clinician-scientists. However, MD/PhD programs vary …

Purpose: Despite the impact of physician-scientists on scientific discovery and translational
medicine, several reports have signalled their declining workforce, reduced funding, and …