Animals must continually respond dynamically as they move through complex environments,
and slopes are a common terrain on which legged animals must move. Despite this, non …

ABSTRACT Ever since Tyson (1699), anatomists have noted and compared differences in
the regional numbers of vertebrae among humans and other hominoids. Subsequent …

Background The axial skeleton consists of repeating units (vertebrae) that are integrated
through their development and evolution. Unlike most tetrapods, vertebrae in the …

In this study, the axial skeletons of two Early Paleocene marsupials, Mayulestes ferox and
Pucadelphys andinus, were analyzed functionally and compared to that of six South …

Danuvius guggenmosi is a species of Miocene hominoid from the 11.62-million-year-old site
of Hammerschmiede. On the basis of interpretations of its vertebrae and limbs, Böhme and …

Variation in vertebral formulae within and among hominoid species has complicated our
understanding of hominoid vertebral evolution. Here, variation is quantified using diversity …

Prehensile tails appear to have evolved at least twice in platyrrhine evolution. In the atelines,
the tail is relatively long and possesses a bare area on the distal part of its ventral surface …

The neck connects the head and the trunk and is the key structure allowing all movements of
the head. The neck morphology of birds is the most variable among living tetrapods …

In this study I provide a phylogenetic hypothesis for didelphid Marsupials including a suite of
114 postcranial characters. The postcranial evidence was cladistically analyzed separately …

The cervical vertebral column bears or balances the weight of the head supported by the
nuchal muscles that partly originate from the cervical vertebrae. The position of the head …