The proteins encoded by the two major breast cancer susceptibility genes, BRCA1 and
BRCA2, work in a common pathway of genome protection. However, the two proteins work …

All life on earth must cope with constant exposure to DNA-damaging agents such as the
Sun's radiation. Highly conserved DNA-repair and cell-cycle checkpoint pathways allow …

The ATM protein kinase, mutations of which are associated with the human disease ataxia–
telangiectasia, mediates responses to ionizing radiation in mammalian cells. Here we show …

Resistance to chemotherapy limits the effectiveness of anti‐cancer drug treatment. Tumours
may be intrinsically drug‐resistant or develop resistance to chemotherapy during treatment …

Maintenance of genome stability is essential for avoiding the passage to neoplasia. The
DNA-damage response—a cornerstone of genome stability—occurs by a swift transduction …

Inherited mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 predispose to breast, ovarian, and other cancers.
Their ubiquitously expressed protein products are implicated in processes fundamental to all …

The genomes of eukaryotic cells are under continuous assault by environmental agents (eg,
UV light and reactive chemicals) as well as the byproducts of normal intracellular …

Abstract Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR)
and DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) are members of the …

The serine/threonine protein kinase ATM signals to cell cycle and DNA repair components
by phosphorylating downstream targets such as p53, CHK2, NBS1, and BRCA1. Mutation of …

The checkpoint kinases ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) and ATR (ATM and Rad3
related) transduce genomic stress signals to halt cell cycle progression and promote DNA …