Aortic valve stenosis due to calcification of the valve leaflets is the most common valve
disease in the developed world. It is the third leading cause of cardiovascular disease. 1 …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors involved in
cardiovascular diseases. Notably, numerous studies have demonstrated that TLR4 activates …

Life expectancy has gradually grown over the last century. This has deeply affected
healthcare costs, since the growth of an aging population is correlated to the increasing …

Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the end result of active cellular processes that lead to
the progressive fibrosis and calcification of aortic valve leaflets. In western populations …

Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a major contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and
mortality and, given its association with age, the prevalence of CAVD is expected to continue …

Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD), previously thought to represent a passive
degeneration of the valvular extracellular matrix (VECM), is now regarded as an intricate …

Background and aims Although most risk factors for cardiac valve calcification (VC) are
similar to those for coronary artery disease (CAD), they differ regarding lesions and clinical …

Macrophage-orchestrated chronic inflammation plays an important role in cardiovascular
disease, including accelerating the development of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). M1 …

Calcific aortic valve disease is dramatically increasing in global burden, yet no therapy
exists outside of prosthetic replacement. The increasing proportion of younger and more …

Calcific aortic valve disease is a chronic inflammatory process, and aortic valve interstitial
cells (AVICs) from diseased aortic valves express greater levels of osteogenic factors in …