Abstract 'Jack of all trades, master of everything'is a fair label for transforming growth factor
β1 (TGF-β)–a cytokine that controls our life at many levels. In the adult organism, TGF-β1 is …

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are central to the maintenance of self-tolerance and tissue
homeostasis. Markers commonly used to define human Tregs in the research setting include …

The gut‐associated lymphoid tissue is the largest immune organ in the body and is the
primary route by which we are exposed to antigens. Tolerance induction is the default …

Multiple mechanisms of tolerance are induced by oral antigen. Low doses favor active
suppression, whereas higher doses favor clonal anergy/deletion. Oral antigen induces T …

Leptin-deficient ob/ob mice are overweight, develop insulin resistance, and serve as a
model for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Studies suggest that inflammatory pathways are linked to …

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress exuberant immune system activation and promote
immunologic tolerance. Because Tregs modulate both innate and adaptive immunity, the …

Early studies described CD69 as a leukocyte activation marker, and suggested its
involvement in the activation of different leukocyte subsets as well as in the pathogenesis of …

Abstract CD4+ CD25highCD127low/− FOXP3+ T regulatory cells are responsible for
maintaining immune tolerance and controlling excessive immune responses. Treg cell use …

Background The attempt to induce oral tolerance as a treatment for food allergy has been
hampered by a lack of sustained clinical protection. Immunotherapy by nonoral routes, such …

Abstract Although elevated CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cell (Treg) frequencies within tumors
are well documented, the functional and phenotypic characteristics of CD4+ Foxp3+ and …