Addiction is commonly identified with habitual nonmedical self-administration of drugs. It is
usually defined by characteristics of intoxication or by characteristics of withdrawal …

The adenosine modulation system mostly operates through inhibitory A1 (A1R) and
facilitatory A2A receptors (A2AR) in the brain. The activity‐dependent release of adenosine …

Motivation has been defined as the process that allows organisms to regulate their internal
and external environment, and control the probability, proximity and availability of stimuli. As …

Most evidence indicates that, as for family CG protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), family A
GPCRs form homo-and heteromers. Homodimers seem to be a predominant species, with …

In classical G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activation, GPCRs couple to a variety of
heterotrimeric G proteins on the membrane and then activate downstream signaling …

Adenosine acts in parallel as a neuromodulator and as a homeostatic modulator in the
central nervous system. Its neuromodulatory role relies on a balanced activation of inhibitory …

It has been known for some time that nucleus accumbens dopamine (DA) is involved in
aspects of motivation, but theoretical approaches to understanding the functions of DA have …

For many years seven transmembrane domain G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) were
thought to exist and function exclusively as monomeric units. However, evidence both from …

G protein‐coupled receptors are known to form homo‐and heteromers at the plasma
membrane, but the stoichiometry of these receptor oligomers are relatively unknown. Here …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a significant cause of death and disability in
industrialized countries. Of particular importance to patients the chronic effect that TBI has on …