A product of the immediate early gene Arc (Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated
protein or Arc protein) of retroviral ancestry resides in the genome of all tetrapods for millions …

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic and fatal disease. The main impediment of the AUD
therapy is a high probability of relapse to alcohol abuse even after prolonged abstinence …

Ketamine has become a popular recreational drug due to its neuronal anesthesia effect and
low price. The process of learning and memory is part of the distinctive high-level neural …

Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) is a brain-enriched immediate early
gene that regulates important mechanisms implicated in learning and memory. Arc levels …

Abstract Parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) interneurons of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) play
an essential role in the addictive-like behaviors induced by psychostimulant exposure. To …

Use of addictive substances like cocaine produces enduring associations between the drug
experience and cues in the drug‐taking environment. In individuals with a substance use …

ΔfosB is an alternatively spliced product of the FosB gene that is essential for dopamine‐
induced reward pathways and that acts as a master switch for addiction. However, the …

Epigenetic pharmacotherapies have emerged as a promising treatment option for substance
use disorder (SUD) due to their ability to reverse maladaptive transcriptional and behavioral …

Background Propofol and dexmedetomidine (DEX) are widely used in general anesthesia,
and exert toxic and protective effects on hippocampal neurons, respectively. The study …

The central amygdala (CeA) with its medial (CeM) and lateral (CeL) nuclei is the brain hub
for processing stimuli with emotional context. CeL nucleus gives a strong inhibitory input to …