Reinforcement learning enables organisms to adjust their behavior in order to maximize
rewards. Electrophysiological recordings of dopaminergic midbrain neurons have shown …

Visual representations of bodies, in addition to those of faces, contribute to the recognition of
con-and heterospecifics, to action recognition, and to nonverbal communication. Despite its …

Learning what behaviour is appropriate in a specific context by observing the actions of
others and their outcomes is a key constituent of human cognition, because it saves time …

Background Neuroscience research using macaques remains fundamental in our
endeavours to understand how the human brain functions. Applying the refinement principle …

Predicting the behavior of others is a fundamental skill in primate social life. We tested the
role of medial frontal cortex in the prediction of other agents' behavior in two male …

The primate prefrontal cortex represents both past and future goals. To investigate its role in
representing the goals of other agents, we designed a nonmatch-to-goal task that involved a …

Retracing the evolutionary steps by which human brains evolved can offer insights into the
underlying mechanisms of human brain function as well as the phylogenetic origin of …

Observational learning has been investigated in monkeys mainly using conspecifics or
humans as models to observe. Some studies attempted to clarify the social agent's role and …

Social neurophysiology has increasingly addressed how several aspects of self and other
are distinctly represented in the brain. In social interactions, the self–other distinction is …

This paper presents 13 hypotheses regarding the specific behavioral abilities that emerged
at key milestones during the 600-million-year phylogenetic history from early bilaterians to …