Cardiac surgery has been the last of the surgical specialties to embrace the principles of
minimal invasiveness. The complexity and invasiveness of the procedures have presented …

Whenever possible, the recommendations listed in this document are evidence based.
Articles reviewed in this guideline revision covered evidence from the past 10 years through …

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic coronary bypass has been a difficult procedure to perform. The
recent introduction of the Intuitive EndoWrist stabilizer (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA) …

Virtual and augmented reality environments have been adopted in medicine as a means to
enhance the clinician's view of the anatomy and facilitate the performance of minimally …

The Heartport system (Heartport, Redwood City, CA, USA) was used for arresting the heart
during the anastomosis and the entire operation was completed endoscopically with …

Background Most robotic coronary bypass operations are single-vessel procedures. Very
few centers perform totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass (TECAB), and even fewer …

Background In coronary artery bypass grafting, including robotic off-pump totally endoscopic
coronary artery bypass (TECAB), the anastomotic technique is the most critical part of the …

OBJECTIVE: Robotic totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass of the left anterior
descending artery has been introduced in the clinical setting using a wrist-enhanced …

Objective Patients with a high Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) predicted risk of mortality
undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery are known to have worse outcomes. Less …

Objective The commercially available C-Port distal anastomotic device (Food and Drug
Administration cleared in 2007) is an automated miniature vascular stapler that performs the …