Our brains consist of 80% water, which is continuously shifted between different
compartments and cell types during physiological and pathophysiological processes …

Blood flow in the brain is regulated by neurons and astrocytes. Knowledge of how these
cells control blood flow is crucial for understanding how neural computation is powered, for …

The two major interfaces separating brain and blood have different primary roles. The
choroid plexuses secrete cerebrospinal fluid into the ventricles, accounting for most net fluid …

The mechanisms of neurovascular coupling contribute to ensuring brain energy supply is
sufficient to meet demand. Despite significant research interest, the mechanisms underlying …

Neurovascular coupling is a crucial mechanism that matches the high energy demand of the
brain with a supply of energy substrates from the blood. Signaling within the neurovascular …

Baking soda and vinegar have been used as home remedies for generations and today we
are only a mouse-click away from claims that baking soda, lemon juice, and apple cider …

Lateral interactions in the outer retina, particularly negative feedback from horizontal cells to
cones and direct feed-forward input from horizontal cells to bipolar cells, play a number of …

The retinal vasculature supplies cells of the inner and middle layers of the retina with oxygen
and nutrients. Photic stimulation dilates retinal arterioles producing blood flow increases, a …

Changes in membrane voltage brought about by ion fluxes through voltage and transmitter-
gated channels represent the basis of neural activity. As such, electrochemical gradients …

Intracellular pH (pHi) regulation in the brain is important in both physiological and
physiopathological conditions because changes in pHi generally result in altered neuronal …