Objective Previous studies revealed that prenatal exposure to androgen excess such as
polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with offspring's anogenital distance (AGD) …

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a widely used class of brominated flame
retardants. Exposure to PBDEs could induce testicular damage in mammals, but the effects …

Glyphosate (GLY) is an herbicide used for rural and urban weed control. Urinary GLY in
women is associated with shortened gestational length yet effects of GLY on offspring due to …

Smoking by women is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as spontaneous
abortion, preterm delivery, low birth weight, infertility, and prolonged time to pregnancy …

STUDY QUESTION Are maternal anthropometrics associated with anogenital distance
(AGD) and 2: 4 digit ratio (2: 4D) in newborns? SUMMARY ANSWER Select maternal …

Background Micropenis is an endocrinological condition that is habitually observed at birth.
Diagnosis is made by measuring the stretched penile length, a method established 80 years …

Introduction Anogenital distance (AGD) is a marker of prenatal androgen exposure and a
tool for assessment of differences of sex development. Data for AGD in newborns have been …

Prenatal androgen exposure modulates the development of the brain, with lasting effects on
its function and behavior over the infant's life span. Environmental factors during pregnancy …

Smoking can lead to several diseases and cause a reduction in fertility in men and women.
Among the various components of cigarettes harmful during pregnancy, nicotine stands out …

Simple Summary During the last decades, the detrimental effects of exposure to tobacco
smoke on children and mothers have been emphasized. Conversely, not as much attention …