Micronutrients like copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), and Zinc (Zn) are essential for
plants, and their functions are tightly linked for vital metabolism. The normal concentration …

Phosphorus is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development. Root system
architecture (RSA) affects a plant's ability to obtain phosphate, the major form of phosphorus …

Because of intense transpiration and growth, the needs of plants for water can be immense.
Yet water in the soil is most often heterogeneous if not scarce due to more and more …

The main functions of plant roots are water and nutrient uptake, soil anchorage, and
interaction with soil-living biota. Root hairs, single cell tubular extensions of root epidermal …

Plant diseases are still the main problem for the reduction in crop yield and a threat to global
food security. Additionally, excessive usage of chemical inputs such as pesticides and …

Nitrogen is an essential nutrient required in large quantities for the proper growth and
development of plants. Nitrogen is the most limiting macronutrient for crop production in …

Lateral roots (LRs) are crucial for increasing the surface area of root systems to explore
heterogeneous soil environments. Major advances have recently been made in the model …

Plants, as sessile organisms, adapt to different stressful conditions, such as drought, salinity,
extreme temperatures, and nutrient deficiency, via plastic developmental and growth …

Soilless culture systems are currently one of the fastest-growing sectors in horticulture. The
plant roots are confined into a specific rootzone and are exposed to environmental changes …

In most soils, the spatial distribution of nutrients and water in the rooting zone of plants is
heterogeneous and changes over time. To access localized resources more efficiently …