There is increasing interest among functional neurosurgeons in the potential for novel
therapies to impact upon diseases beyond movement disorders and pain. A target of …

Drug addiction is increasingly viewed as the endpoint of a series of transitions from initial
drug use—when a drug is voluntarily taken because it has reinforcing, often hedonic, effects …

The publication of the psychomotor stimulant theory of addiction in 1987 and the finding that
addictive drugs increase dopamine concentrations in the rat mesolimbic system in 1988 …

This review discusses the evidence for the hypothesis that the development of drug
addiction can be understood in terms of interactions between Pavlovian and instrumental …

Drug addiction can be conceptualized as a disturbance of behavior motivated by drug-
conditioned incentives. This abnormality has been explained by Incentive-Sensitization and …

The dopamine (DA) hypothesis posits the increase of mesolimbic dopamine levels as a
defining commonality of addictive drugs, initially causing reinforcement, eventually leading …

The objective of this article is to review data from studies that used a reinstatement model in
rats to elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying relapse to heroin and cocaine seeking …

In this review we discuss the evidence that drug addiction, defined as a maladaptive
compulsive habit, results from the progressive subversion by addictive drugs of striatum …

We review drug addiction from the perspective of the hypothesis that drugs of abuse interact
with distinct brain memory systems. We focus on emotional and procedural forms of memory …

Nucleus accumbens (NAc) dopamine is widely implicated in mediating the reinforcing
effects of drugs of abuse. However, the precise function of the NAc itself in drug self …