This Handbook, with 45 chapters written by the world's leading scholars in second language
acquisition (SLA) and language testing, dives into the important interface between SLA and …

Complexity, Accuracy and Fluency (CAF) have been identified as three important
dimensions for the description of second language performance. They have been typically …

The purpose of this longitudinal exploratory research is to investigate the influence of four
factors: proficiency levels, text types, times, and learning environments on the writing …

This article addresses the pitfalls of performance analysis in investigating cognitive
processing during second language (L2) learning. The problems that we discuss in this …

This paper will outline the theoretical basis for a Complexity, Accuracy, Fluency triad as a
communication paradigm and then present task-completion data that points to important …

The aim of this study is to observe the effects of text length and input mode on speaking
performances in retelling tasks. A total of 53 participants performed their speaking skills for …

In the rating scale for the speaking sub-test of the International English Language Testing
System (IELTS), fluency and coherence are grouped within one rating criterion. To explore …

This study examines how teaching active listening and questioning skills can improve
English language students' speaking skills, and how the effects of this approach differ …

Previous research on second language (L2) speaking proficiency has used different
operational definitions and measurements of speaking proficiency (Housen & Kuiken, 2009) …

Speaking ability is widely recognized as a key element of learning a foreign language. Since
the emergence of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) …