This review focuses on the type A cytochrome c oxidases (C c O), which are found in all
mitochondria and also in several aerobic bacteria. C c O catalyzes the respiratory reduction …

Cytochrome c oxidase (CcO), the terminal oxidase of cell respiration, reduces molecular
oxygen (O2) in a reaction that is coupled with proton pumping. Since the discovery of this …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) comprise the superoxide anion (O2•−), hydrogen peroxide
(H2O2), hydroxyl radical (• OH), and singlet oxygen (1O2). ROS can damage a variety of …

Enzyme reactions that involve strong coupling between proton and electron transfer are of
fundamental importance in biology. This is particularly evident in the reactions of primary …

Cytochrome c oxidase generates a proton motive force by two separate mechanisms. The
first mechanism is similar to that postulated by Peter Mitchell, and is based on electrons and …

Aerobic respiration in bacteria, Archaea, and mitochondria is performed by oxygen
reductase members of the heme-copper oxidoreductase superfamily. These enzymes are …

The heme-copper oxygen reductases are redox-driven proton pumps that generate a proton
motive force in both prokaryotes and mitochondria. These enzymes have been divided into 3 …

Terminal respiratory oxidases are highly efficient molecular machines. These most important
bioenergetic membrane enzymes transform the energy of chemical bonds released during …

Cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) uses the energy released by reduction of O2 to H2O to drive
eight charges from the high pH to low pH side of the membrane, increasing the …

Serial femtosecond crystallography was initially developed for room-temperature X-ray
diffraction studies of macromolecules at X-ray free electron lasers. When combined with …