Tobacco smoking is a major determinant of preventable morbidity and mortality worldwide.
More than a billion people smoke, and without major increases in cessation, at least half will …

Interventions to address the US opioid crisis primarily target opioid use, misuse, and
addiction, but because the opioid crisis includes multiple substances, the opioid specificity of …

Addiction is commonly identified with habitual nonmedical self-administration of drugs. It is
usually defined by characteristics of intoxication or by characteristics of withdrawal …

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that mediate fast chemical
neurotransmission at the neuromuscular junction and have diverse signalling roles in the …

Acetylcholine in the brain alters neuronal excitability, influences synaptic transmission,
induces synaptic plasticity, and coordinates firing of groups of neurons. As a result, it …

Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) regulate the rewarding actions of
nicotine contained in tobacco that establish and maintain the smoking habit. nAChRs also …

Nicotine stimulates dopamine (DA) neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to establish
and maintain reinforcement. Nicotine also induces anxiety through an as yet unknown …

Nicotine stimulates the dopamine (DA) system, which is essential for its rewarding effect.
Nicotine is also aversive at high doses; yet, our knowledge about nicotine's dose-dependent …

Addictive drugs are habit-forming. Addiction is a learned behavior; repeated exposure to
addictive drugs can stamp in learning. Dopamine-depleted or dopamine-deleted animals …

A minimal hypothesis is proposed concerning the brain processes underlying effortful tasks.
It distinguishes two main computational spaces: a unique global workspace composed of …