Compared to wingless insects, pterygote insects profit from numerous wing‐related benefits
including a wider distribution range, the exploitation of various food resources and the …

Mechanically robust and healable polymers are in high demand for the intelligent
architecture, aerospace engineering, and auto industry; however, most of them suffer from …

The evolution of wings has played a key role in the success of insect species, allowing them
to diversify to fill many niches. Insect wings are complex multifunctional structures, which not …

Animal wings deform during flight in ways that can enhance lift, facilitate flight control, and
mitigate damage. Monitoring the structural and aerodynamic state of the wing is challenging …

Background The radula, a chitinous membrane with embedded teeth, is one important
molluscan autapomorphy. In some taxa (Polyplacophora and Patellogastropoda) one tooth …

The molluscan radula, a thin membrane with embedded rows of teeth, is the structure for
food processing and gathering. For proper functioning, radular failures must be either …

The ability to fly is crucial for migratory insects. Consequently, the accumulation of damage
on the wings over time can affect survival, especially for species that travel long distances …

For flying insects, stability is essential to maintain the orientation and direction of motion in
flight. Flight instability is caused by a variety of factors, such as intended abrupt flight …

In insects, cuticle proteins interact with chitin and chitosan of the exoskeleton forming
crystalline, amorphic or composite material structures. The biochemical and mechanical …

Presenting a novel framework for sustainable and regenerative design and development is
a fundamental future need. Here we argue that a new framework, referred to as complexity …