An optimally functional brain requires both excitatory and inhibitory inputs that are regulated
and balanced. A perturbation in the excitatory/inhibitory balance—as is the case in some …

The protonation state of soluble and membrane-associated macromolecules dictates their
charge, conformation, and functional activity. In addition, protons (H+ or their equivalents) …

Traditionally, neuroscientists have defined the identity of neurons by the cells' location,
morphology, connectivity and excitability. However, the direct relationship between these …

Mutations in the X-linked MECP2 gene, which encodes the transcriptional regulator methyl-
CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2), cause Rett syndrome and several neurodevelopmental …

INTRODUCTION The intricate microcircuitry of the cerebral cortex is thought to be a critical
substrate from which arise the impressive capabilities of the mammalian brain. Until now …

Cortical neural circuits are complex but very precise networks of balanced excitation and
inhibition. Yet, the molecular and cellular mechanisms that form the balance are just …

Obesity is a major public health problem affecting overall physical and emotional well-being.
Despite compelling data suggesting an association between obesity and cognitive …

The quantal release of glutamate depends on its transport into synaptic vesicles. Recent
work has shown that a protein previously implicated in the uptake of inorganic phosphate …

A lack of methods for measuring the protein compositions of individual synapses in situ has
so far hindered the exploration and exploitation of synapse molecular diversity. Here, we …

α-Synuclein (α-syn), a protein implicated in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis, is a
presynaptic protein suggested to regulate transmitter release. We explored how α-syn …