Estradiol, either from peripheral or central origin, activates multiple molecular
neuroprotective and neuroreparative responses that, being mediated by estrogen receptors …

Abstract Extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), one of the best‐characterized
members of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, mediates a range of activity …

Glucagon, secreted from pancreatic α-cells integrated within the islets of Langerhans, is
involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism by enhancing the synthesis and …

Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) is a mammalian homolog of the nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent deacetylase sirtuin family. Sirtuin was originally studied as …

17β-Estradiol (estradiol or E2) is implicated as a neuroprotective factor in a variety of
neurodegenerative disorders. This review focuses on the mechanisms underlying E2 …

Clinical and experimental studies show a modulatory role of estrogens in the brain and
suggest their beneficial action in mental and neurodegenerative diseases. The estrogen …

Estrogen has multiple actions in the brain to modulate homeostasis, synaptic
plasticity/cognition and neuroprotection. While many of these actions undoubtedly involve …

Recent studies have highlighted that female sex hormones represent potential
neuroprotective agents against damage produced by acute and chronic injuries in the adult …

The expression of estrogen receptors (ERs) in the developing and adult human brain has
not been clearly established, although estrogens are crucial for neuronal differentiation …

Recent evidence indicates that testosterone is neuroprotective, however, the underlying
mechanism (s) remains to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that …