Hypoxia is prevalent in human tumours and contributes to microenvironments that shape
cancer evolution and adversely affect therapeutic outcomes. Historically, two different …

Research into the mechanisms and manifestations of solid tumor vascularization was
launched more than 50 years ago with the proposition and experimental demonstrations that …

Background Tumors are highly plastic metabolic entities composed of cancer and host cells
that can adopt different metabolic phenotypes. For energy production, cancer cells may use …

Persistent cancer cells are the discrete and usually undetected cells that survive cancer drug
treatment and constitute a major cause of treatment failure. These cells are characterized by …

Glycolysis has long been considered as the major metabolic process for energy production
and anabolic growth in cancer cells. Although such a view has been instrumental for the …

Angiogenesis is a hallmark of cancer and is required for tumor growth and progression.
Antiangiogenic therapy has been revolutionarily developing and was approved for the …

Tumours display considerable variation in the patterning and properties of angiogenic blood
vessels, as well as in their responses to anti-angiogenic therapy. Angiogenic programming …

The high metabolic demand of cancer cells leads to an accumulation of H+ ions in the
tumour microenvironment. The disorganized tumour vasculature prevents an efficient wash …

Inhibitors of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)/VEGFR2 (vascular endothelial growth
factor receptor 2) are commonly used in the clinic, but their beneficial effects are only …

Highly glycolytic cancer cells prevent intracellular acidification by excreting the glycolytic
end-products lactate and H+ via the monocarboxylate transporters 1 (MCT1) and 4 (MCT4) …