The malignant tumor is a multi-etiological, systemic and complex disease characterized by
uncontrolled cell proliferation and distant metastasis. Anticancer treatments including …

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a unique DC subset that specializes in the
production of type I interferons (IFNs). pDCs promote antiviral immune responses and have …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play crucial roles in the innate immune system by recognizing
pathogen-associated molecular patterns derived from various microbes. TLRs signal …

In recent years, many paradigms concerning central nervous system (CNS) immunology
have been challenged and shifted, including the discovery of CNS-draining lymphatic …

Osteopontin (OPN) was first identified in 1986. The prefix osteo‐means bone; however, OPN
is expressed in other tissues, including liver. The suffix‐pontin means bridge and denotes …

The discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as components that recognize conserved
structures in pathogens has greatly advanced understanding of how the body senses …

Osteopontin (OPN) also known by its official gene designation secreted phosphoprotein‐1
(SPP1) is a fascinating, multifunctional protein expressed in a number of cell types that …

Foreign nucleic acids, the signature of invading viruses and certain bacteria, are sensed
intracellularly. The nucleic acid-specific Toll-like receptors (TLRs) detect and signal within …

The mammalian innate immune system detects the presence of microbial infection through
germ line-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Toll-like receptors, retinoic acid …

Induction of type I interferons (IFNs) by viruses and other pathogens is crucial for innate
immunity, and it is mediated by the activation of pattern-recognition receptors, such as Toll …