The twenty-first century has witnessed major developments in the field of extracellular
vesicle (EV) research, including significant steps towards defining standard criteria for the …

Nanoparticle‐based therapeutic, prevention, and detection modalities have the potential to
greatly impact how diseases are diagnosed and managed in the clinic. With the wide range …

Both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that
contain components from their mother cells. Bacterial EVs are similar in size to mammalian …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by all domains of life. In Gram-negative bacteria,
EVs are produced by the pinching off of the outer membrane; however, how EVs escape the …

Gram-negative bacteria actively secrete outer membrane vesicles, spherical nano-meter-
sized proteolipids enriched with outer membrane proteins, to the surroundings. Outer …

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are produced by Gram-negative bacteria both in vitro and
in vivo. OMVs are nano-sized spherical vehicles formed by lipid bilayer membranes and …

Trained immunity enhances the responsiveness of immune cells to subsequent infections or
vaccinations. Here we demonstrate that pre-vaccination with bacteria-derived outer …

Sensing of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the cytosol triggers caspase-11 activation and is
central to host defense against Gram-negative bacterial infections and to the pathogenesis …

The continued evolution of biomedical nanotechnology has enabled clinicians to better
detect, prevent, manage, and treat human disease. In order to further push the limits of …

An effective immune response requires the engagement of host receptors by pathogen‐
derived molecules and the stimulation of an appropriate cellular response. Therefore, a …