Abstract Calcium ions (Ca2+) are some of the most versatile signalling molecules, and they
have many physiological functions, prominently including muscle contraction, neuronal …

Calcium (Ca 2+) is considered one of the most-important biological cations, because it is
implicated in cell physiopathology and cell fate through a finely tuned signaling system. In …

Blood circulation is the result of the beating of the heart, which provides the mechanical
force to pump oxygenated blood to, and deoxygenated blood away from, the peripheral …

Electrogenesis in the heart begins in the sinoatrial node and proceeds down the conduction
system to originate the heartbeat. Conduction system disorders lead to slow heart rates that …

Bioelectrical impulses intrinsically generated within the sinoatrial node (SAN) trigger the
contraction of the heart in mammals. Though discovered over a century ago, the molecular …

Cardiac arrhythmias are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although
recent advances in cell-based models, including human-induced pluripotent stem cell …

Hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide–gated (HCN) channels are important
members of the voltage-gated pore loop channels family. They show unique features: they …

Background: The ability to increase heart rate during exercise and other stressors is a key
homeostatic feature of the sinoatrial node (SAN). When the physiological heart rate …

Sepsis has emerged as a global health burden associated with multiple organ dysfunction
and 20% mortality rate in patients. Numerous clinical studies over the past two decades …

Cardiac automaticity is set by pacemaker activity of the sinus node (SAN). In addition to the
ubiquitously expressed cardiac voltage-gated L-type Cav1. 2 Ca2+ channel isoform …