Central nervous system (CNS) maintains a high level of metabolism, which leads to the
generation of large amounts of free radicals, and it is also one of the most vulnerable organs …

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) result from progressive deterioration of selectively
susceptible neuron populations in different central nervous system (CNS) regions. NDs are …

Chronic inflammation is characterized by longstanding microglial activation followed by
sustained release of inflammatory mediators, which aid in enhanced nitrosative and …

Astrocytes have a pivotal role in brain as partners of neurons in homeostatic and metabolic
processes. Astrocytes also protect other types of brain cells against the toxicity of reactive …

Microglia are the primary innate immune system cells in the central nervous system (CNS).
They are crucial for the immunity, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, neurotrophic support …

Growing concern suggests that some chemicals exert (developmental) neurotoxicity (DNT
and NT) and are linked to the increase in incidence of autism, attention deficit and …

Cancer recognized as one of the leading irrepressible health issues is contributing to
increasing mortality-rate day-by-day. The tumor microenvironment is an important field of …

Astrocyte-mediated inflammation is associated with degenerative pathologies such as
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and multiple sclerosis. The acute inflammation and …

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key hub that is common to many diseases. Mitochondria's role
in energy production, calcium homeostasis, and ROS balance makes them essential for cell …

Astrocytes have been implicated in the immune responses associated with Parkinson's
disease (PD). Inhibition of astrocyte apoptosis is a novel strategy for the treatment of PD …