Stress and anxiety have intertwined behavioral and neural underpinnings. These
commonalities are critical for understanding each state, as well as their mutual interactions …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest class of receptors in the human
genome and some of the most common drug targets. It is now well established that GPCRs …

Modern optogenetics can be tuned to evoke activity that corresponds to naturally occurring
local or global activity in timing, magnitude or individual-cell patterning. This outcome has …

In vivo optogenetics provides unique, powerful capabilities in the dissection of neural circuits
implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders. Conventional hardware for such studies, however …

Reversible silencing of neuronal activity is a powerful approach for isolating the roles of
specific neuronal populations in circuit dynamics and behavior. In contrast with neuronal …

Increased tonic activity of locus coeruleus noradrenergic (LC-NE) neurons induces anxiety-
like and aversive behavior. While some information is known about the afferent circuitry that …

The mesocorticolimbic pathway is canonically known as the" reward pathway." Embedded
within the center of this circuit is the striatum, a massive and complex network hub that …

Biological systems respond to and communicate through biophysical cues, such as
electrical, thermal, mechanical and topographical signals. However, precise tools for …

Capabilities for recording neural activity in behaving mammals have greatly expanded our
understanding of brain function. Some of the most sophisticated approaches use light …

Light-controllable tools provide powerful means to manipulate and interrogate brain function
with relatively low invasiveness and high spatiotemporal precision. Although optogenetic …