The CXCR4 receptor upon binding its ligands triggers multiple signaling pathways that
orchestrate cell migration, hematopoiesis and cell homing, and retention in the bone …

Chemotaxis, or directed migration of cells along a chemical gradient, is a highly coordinated
process that involves gradient sensing, motility, and polarity. Most of our understanding of …

Abstract Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 is a multifunctional glycoprotein involved in various
biological and pathologic processes. DPP-4 has been widely recognized as a therapeutic …

Neutrophils use chemotaxis to locate invading bacteria. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
release and autocrine purinergic signaling via P2Y2 receptors at the front and A2a receptors …

Recruitment of inflammatory cells is known to drive the secondary damage cascades that
are common to injuries of the central nervous system (CNS). Cell activation and infiltration to …

The word chemokine is a combination of the words chemotactic and cytokine, in other words
cytokines that promote chemotaxis. Hence, the term chemokine receptor refers largely to the …

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin/protein kinase B
(PI3K/mTOR/Akt) signaling pathway is central to a plethora of cellular mechanisms in a wide …

Pressure overload and heart failure are among the leading causes of cardiovascular
morbidity and mortality. Accumulating evidence suggests that inflammatory cell activation …

Macrophages respond to several stimuli by forming florid membrane ruffles that lead to fluid
uptake by macropinocytosis. This type of induced macropinocytosis, executed by a variety of …

Dendritic cells (DCs) control immune responses by driving potent inflammatory actions
against external and internal threats while generating tolerance to self and harmless …