Microglial research has advanced considerably in recent decades yet has been constrained
by a rolling series of dichotomies such as" resting versus activated" and" M1 versus M2." …

Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common form of neurodegenerative disease, estimated
to contribute 60–70% of all cases of dementia worldwide. According to the prevailing …

The immune system of the central nervous system (CNS) consists primarily of innate
immune cells. These are highly specialized macrophages found either in the parenchyma …

Microglia were first recognized as a distinct cell population in the CNS one century ago. For
a long time, they were primarily considered to be phagocytes responsible for removing …

With the world's population ageing, the incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD) is on the rise.
In recent years, inflammatory processes have emerged as prominent contributors to the …

Microglia, the brain's resident macrophages, are dynamic CNS custodians with surprising
origins in the extra-embryonic yolk sac. The consequences of their distinct ontogeny are …

There is a growing recognition that gliomas are complex tumors composed of neoplastic and
non-neoplastic cells, which each individually contribute to cancer formation, progression …

Perivascular, subdural meningeal and choroid plexus macrophages are non-parenchymal
macrophages that mediate immune responses at brain boundaries. Although the origin of …

Macrophages are immune cells of haematopoietic origin that provide crucial innate immune
defence and have tissue-specific functions in the regulation and maintenance of organ …

Peripherally derived macrophages infiltrate the brain after bone marrow transplantation and
during central nervous system (CNS) inflammation. It was initially suggested that these …