Hyponatremia is frequently seen in patients with ascites secondary to advanced cirrhosis
and portal hypertension. Although not apparent in the early stages of cirrhosis, the …

Metabolic acidosis occurs when a relative accumulation of plasma anions in excess of
cations reduces plasma pH. Replacement of sodium bicarbonate to patients with sodium …

Objective Although sodium bicarbonate (SB) solution has been widely used in clinical
practice, its effect on mortality when administered to a large population of patients with …

Stewart's quantitative physical chemical approach enables us to understand the acid–base
properties of intravenous fluids. In Stewart's analysis, the three independent acid–base …

The utility of bicarbonate administration to patients with severe metabolic acidosis remains
controversial. Chronic bicarbonate replacement is obviously indicated for patients who …

Acute lung injury (ALI) and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are a major
cause of acute respiratory failure in the critically ill patient. ALI and ARDS are characterized …

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is one of the most commonly taken drugs in overdose in
many areas of the world, and the most common cause of acute liver failure in both the UK …

There is little rationale or evidence for the use of bicarbonate therapy for lactic acidosis due
to shock. We agree with the Surviving Sepsis guidelines recommendation against the use of …

Homeostasis is the body's ability to self-regulate biological processes. There are several
buffer systems in the body that operate cooperatively to maintain health. A buffer system …

Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte abnormality in patients with decompensated
cirrhosis on Liver Transplantation (LT) waiting list. Most of these patients have dilutional or …