In experiments conducted over 60 years ago, the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) was
identified as a critical neuroanatomical substrate for motivated behavior. Electrical …

The orexin-A/hypocretin-1 and orexin-B/hypocretin-2 are neuropeptides synthesized by a
cluster of neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and perifornical area. Orexin neurons receive …

Sleep and wakefulness are regulated to occur at appropriate times that are in accordance
with our internal and external environments. Avoiding danger and finding food, which are life …

Obesity is a global epidemic that contributes to a number of health complications including
cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer and neuropsychiatric disorders …

Discovery of the leptin receptor and its downstream peptidergic pathways has reconfirmed
the crucial role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of food intake and energy balance …

Recent studies have implicated the orexin system as a critical regulator of sleep/wake states
as well as feeding behavior and reward processes. Orexin deficiency results in narcolepsy …

Orexin-A and-B (also known as hypocretin-1 and-2) are neuropeptides produced in the
lateral hypothalamus that promote many aspects of arousal through the OX1 and OX2 …

Orexin deficiency results in narcolepsy in humans, dogs, and rodents, suggesting that the
orexin system is particularly important for maintenance of wakefulness. However, orexin …

Orexin (OX) neuropeptides stimulate feeding and arousal. Deficiency of orexin is implicated
in narcolepsy, a disease associated with obesity, paradoxically in the face of reduced food …

As one of the evolutionary oldest parts of the brain, the diencephalon evolved to harmonize
changing environmental conditions with the internal state for survival of the individual and …