To date, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has determined 399,600,607 cases and 5,757,562 …

Abstract mRNA vaccines represent a promising alternative to conventional vaccine
approaches because of their high potency, capacity for rapid development and potential for …

Synonymous mutations in protein-coding genes do not alter protein sequences and are thus
generally presumed to be neutral or nearly neutral,,,–. Here, to experimentally verify this …

Ageing is accompanied by a decline in cellular proteostasis, which underlies many age-
related protein misfolding diseases,. Yet, how ageing impairs proteostasis remains unclear …

The advent of ribosome profiling and other tools to probe mRNA translation has revealed
that codon bias—the uneven use of synonymous codons in the transcriptome—serves as a …

Messenger RNAs (mRNAs) encode information in both their primary sequence and their
higher order structure. The independent contributions of factors like codon usage and …

Codon usage bias, the preference for certain synonymous codons, is found in all genomes.
Although synonymous mutations were previously thought to be silent, a large body of …

This review summarizes our current understanding of translation in prokaryotes, focusing on
the mechanistic and structural aspects of each phase of translation: initiation, elongation …

The genetic code is degenerate, and most amino acids are encoded by two to six
synonymous codons. Codon usage bias, the preference for certain synonymous codons, is a …

Synonymous mutations have been viewed as silent mutations, since they only affect the
DNA and mRNA, but not the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein. Nonetheless …