Innate immunity constitutes the first line of the host defense after pathogen invasion. Viruses
trigger the expression of interferons (IFNs). These master antiviral cytokines induce in turn a …

Studies on the complement system of bony fish are now finishing a stage of homologue-
hunting identification of the components, unveiling existence of almost all the orthologues of …

Viruses are the most serious pathogenic threat to the production of the main aquacultured
salmonid species the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and the Atlantic salmon Salmo …

In fish as in mammals, virus infections induce changes in the expression of many host
genes. Studies conducted during the last fifteen years revealed a major contribution of the …

Understanding the mechanisms that underpin pathogen recognition and subsequent
orchestration of the immune response in fish is an area of significant importance for both …

The immune system can be defined as a complex system that protects the organism against
organisms or substances that might cause infection or disease. One of the most fascinating …

Immunostimulants (IS) are considered a promising approach for improving resistance to
pathogens in fish aquaculture. At present, development of IS are complicated due to limited …

Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) were
subjected to either experimental infection with Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida or …

Ease of imaging and abundance of genetic tools make the zebrafish an attractive model host
to understand host–pathogen interactions. However, basic knowledge regarding the identity …

Background Despite rhabdoviral infections being one of the best known fish diseases, the
gene expression changes induced at the surface tissues after the natural route of infection …