Carbonatites are igneous rocks formed in the crust by fractional crystallization of carbonate-
rich parental melts that are mostly mantle derived. They dominantly consist of carbonate …

Kimberlites are volcanic rocks enriched in CO2 and H2O and derive from the deepest-
sourced melts (up to 300 km) that reach Earth's surface. The mantle processes that generate …

Sustainable development and the transition to a clean-energy economy drives ever-
increasing demand for base metals, substantially outstripping the discovery rate of new …

The magmatic components of continental Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) include flood
basalts and their plumbing system of giant mafic dyke swarms (radiating, linear, and the …

Hotspots are anomalous regions of volcanism at Earth's surface that show no obvious
association with tectonic plate boundaries. Classic examples include the Hawaiian …

Long-lived, widespread intraplate volcanism without age progression is one of the most
controversial features of plate tectonics. Previously proposed edge-driven convection …

The heat budget of sedimentary basins is determined by heat transfer across the lithosphere-
asthenosphere boundary and lithospheric heat sources, such that the tectonic evolution of …

ABSTRACT Auckland Volcanic Field (AVF) is a basaltic intraplate volcanic field in North
Island, New Zealand, upon which> 1.6 million people live. Seismic velocity tomography and …

Northeast China hosts one of the largest Cenozoic intraplate volcanic regions in the world.
However, the mechanisms that generate the volcanism, its spatial-temporal distribution, and …

Earth's surface topography is a direct physical expression of our planet's dynamics. Most is
isostatic, controlled by thickness and density variations within the crust and lithosphere, but …