Epidemiologic studies have previously suggested that premenopausal females have
reduced incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) when compared to age-matched males …

Gonadal hormones play a key role in the establishment, activation, and regulation of the
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. By influencing the response and sensitivity to …

Although intrinsic mechanisms that regulate arterial blood pressure (BP) are similar in men
and women, marked variations exist at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels. These …

Observations of the disproportionate incidence of depression in women compared with men
have long preceded the recent explosion of interest in sex differences. Nonetheless, the …

Abstract In May 2014, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) stated its intent to “require
applicants to consider sex as a biological variable (SABV) in the design and analysis of NIH …

The study of sex differences in the brain is a topic of neuroscientific study that has broad
reaching implications for culture, society and biomedical science. Recent research in rodent …

A general theory of mammalian sexual differentiation is proposed. All biological sex
differences are the result of the inequality in effects of the sex chromosomes, which are the …

Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally. More than 17
million people die worldwide from CVD per year. There is considerable evidence suggesting …

About 10% of women of reproductive age are unable to conceive or carry a pregnancy to
term. Female factors alone account for at least 35% of all infertility cases and comprise a …

Men and women exhibit significant differences in obesity, cardiovascular disease, and
diabetes. To provide better diagnosis and treatment for both sexes, it is important to identify …