Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is central to the pathology of major cardiovascular diseases,
such as stroke and myocardial infarction. IR injury is mediated by several factors including …

Autophagy and the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) are the two major intracellular
quality control and recycling mechanisms that are responsible for cellular homeostasis in …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a group of short-lived highly reactive molecules formed
intracellularly from molecular oxygen. ROS can alter biochemical, transcriptional, and …

Abstract Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), a family of transcription factors activated by
hypoxia, consist of three α-subunits (HIF1α, HIF2α and HIF3α) and one β-subunit (HIF1β) …

Oxidative stress is a common denominator in the pathology of neurodegenerative disorders
such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral …

Significance: Oxygen is indispensable for aerobic life, but its utilization exposes cells and
tissues to oxidative stress; thus, tight regulation of cellular, tissue, and systemic oxygen …

NADPH oxidases of the Nox family are important enzymatic sources of reactive oxygen
species (ROS). Numerous homologue-specific mechanisms control the activity of this …

Oxygen homeostasis represents an organizing principle for understanding metazoan
evolution, development, physiology, and pathobiology. The hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) …

Intermittent hypoxia (IH) is a hallmark manifestation of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a
widespread disorder of breathing. This Review focuses on the role of hypoxia-inducible …

Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) is the master oxygen sensor within cells and is central to the
regulation of cell responses to varying oxygen levels. HIF activation during hypoxia ensures …