Over the last 70 years, prebiotic chemists have been very successful in synthesizing the
molecules of life, from amino acids to nucleotides. Yet there is strikingly little resemblance …

Water plays a critical role in erosion and sediment transport and this relationship is most
evident in the hyperarid Atacama Desert of Northern Chile, a region characterized by …

“One of the deepest, most illuminating books about the history of life to have been published
in recent years.”—The Economist The Earth teems with life: in its oceans, forests, skies and …

All cells contain much more potassium, phosphate, and transition metals than modern (or
reconstructed primeval) oceans, lakes, or rivers. Cells maintain ion gradients by using …

Chemiosmotic coupling is universal: practically all cells harness electrochemical proton
gradients across membranes to drive ATP synthesis, powering biochemistry. Autotrophic …

In this review, we summarize our knowledge about mitochondrial potassium channels, with
a special focus on unanswered questions in this field. The following potassium channels …

Korenaga and coworkers presented evidence to suggest that the Earth's mantle was dry and
water filled the ocean to twice its present volume 4.3 billion years ago. Carbon dioxide was …

Abstract Background The F-and V-type ATPases are rotary molecular machines that couple
translocation of protons or sodium ions across the membrane to the synthesis or hydrolysis …

Studies of the past several decades have provided major insights into the structural
organization of biological membranes and mechanisms of many membrane molecular …

Chemiosmotic coupling− the harnessing of electrochemical ion gradients across
membranes to drive metabolism− is as universally conserved as the genetic code. As …